17 Sept 2024

TIME DILATION




https://www.savemyexams.com/dp/physics/hl/25/revision-notes/space-time-and-motion/galilean-and-special-relativity/reference-frames/

https://forceinphysics.com/frame-of-reference/

🀷 : *No such thing as an absolute reference frame in our Universe*
In other words, there is no place in the Universe that is completely stationary
Everything is always moving relative to everything else πŸ€—.

*Note* πŸ“:    A non-inertial reference frame is a concept in physics that refers to a frame of reference that is *subjected to acceleration*. In contrast to an inertial frame, where Newton’s first law of motion holds true, a non-inertial frame experiences *fictitious forces,* which appear to act on objects within the frame but are, in fact, due to the frame’s acceleration.

*Acceleration* does this *Magics* 😎🀹.. πŸ˜‰πŸ˜…πŸ˜‚πŸ€£πŸ˜πŸ€¦πŸ˜ΊπŸ€—

POV:   What the _*POV*_ you are  _*CHOOSING*_  does the *MAKES* 🀷 *SENSE* πŸ˜πŸ€—. OPTION 1:  General Relativity  OPTION 2: Special Relativity 🧘

*In both cases*, the magnitude of time dilation increases with _*higher velocities*_ or _*stronger accelerations*_



16 Sept 2024

COSMOLOGY BOOK SHELF


https://phys.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Astronomy__Cosmology/Big_Ideas_in_Cosmology_(Coble_et_al.)

https://jila.colorado.edu/~ajsh/home.html

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/?term=Rajantie%20A%5BAuthor%5D

http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/OJTA2dev/ojta/c2c/early/inflationary/cosmology_tl.html#:~:text=Unified%20Theories&text=Only%20when%20the%20temperature%20dropped,see%20in%20our%20present%20Universe.


EARLY UNIVERSE



*Guys my real questions is* πŸ€”

1. Which one is the real border of this universe ?

2. How do you define those borders ?

3. Objects and Lights both are coexisting in this universe.

4. Do you really think, objects are moving faster than light.?

Oh πŸ™„πŸ˜³.. then *what is the space ?* 

5. what are the real properties of the nature of *SPACE* !!??

6. What is the space *before* the (BIGBANG) and *thereafter* ?

7. If it is *properly vacuumed one* before the big bang. πŸ€”. Why not it is purely after the big bang.

That means the CURRENT vacuum *SPACE* is not purely a vacuum one πŸ€” ( *virtual particle 's interactions always happening*)

then how can we say it is *vacuum space* ? or *voids* existing in this universe ?

( i mean it *inside the balloon space* !!?? *UNIVERSE* πŸ€”πŸ™„πŸ˜³)



πŸ•Ί One second before the *BIG BANG* happened things are here 🀷

https://physics.aps.org/articles/v5/142






1. Plank era


2. GUT era
3. Electroweak era
4. Particle era



The First Three Seconds: a Review of Possible Expansion Histories of the Early Universe



*Qus 1*): what is really before the existing *Plank era* !!??

Illustration of the density (scalar) and[-]
gravitational wave (tensor) fluctuations arising from the end of inflation. Note that the assumption that a singularity exists prior to inflation is not necessarily valid.
National Science Foundation (NASA, JPL, Keck Foundation, Moore Foundation, related) – Funded BICEP2 Program



*Qus 2*:. What is *SINGULARITY* before the big bang *POP UP* 🀷 !!!????


A visual history of the expanding universe includes the hot, dense state known as the Big Bang and the growth and formation of structure subsequently. The full suite of data, including the observations of the light elements and the cosmic microwave background, leaves only the Big Bang as a valid explanation for all we see. (Credit: NASA/CXC/M. Weiss)

Singularities and Black Holes



*Does light have constant SPEED or not in this EXPANDING universe ?*


Is the quantum vacuum disturbing the REAL SPEED of the LIGHT πŸ€”πŸ˜³ !!??


Black hole Cosmology

SINGULARITIES and BLACK HOLES

These theorems indicate that our universe began with an *initial singularity*, the Big Bang, approximately 14 billion years ago. They also indicate that in certain circumstances (discussed below) collapsing matter will form a black hole with a *central singularity*


*Qus 3* : *what is singularity in big bang theory ?*

In the Big Bang theory, a singularity is the point where the universe began, more than 13 billion years ago. It was a single point that was incredibly hot and dense, and it initiated the expansion and cooling of space. 
 
Here are some other things to know about singularities: 
 
Definition: A singularity is a place in the universe where the laws of physics break down. 
 
Location: Singularities can occur anywhere in the universe. 
 
Mathematics: Singularities are common in the math that physicists use to understand the universe. 
 
Black holes: The point where all the mass of a black hole is trapped is also called a singularity. 
 
Event horizons: Most singularities are hidden behind event horizons. 
 
Initial singularity: Some models of the Big Bang theory predict an initial singularity that existed before the Big Bang.



The inflaton field is a hypothetical scalar field that's thought to have caused the rapid expansion of the universe in its early stages. The field's energy density was approximately constant during inflation, which caused the universe to expand tremendously.




https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflaton

https://www.ctc.cam.ac.uk/outreach/origins/inflation_zero.php

https://www.ctc.cam.ac.uk/footer/glossary.php#critical%20density



BIG BANG









standard cosmological model such as Ξ›CDM.


extragalactic background light (EBL) amounted to 4×1084 photons

cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR) was emitted, which represents the radius of the visible universe, is about 14.0 billion parsecs (about 45.7 billion light-years). The comoving distance to the edge of the observable universe is about 14.3 billion parsecs (about 46.6 billion light-years)


Research papers:

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/1739820_The_origin_of_matter_and_structure_in_the_universe



Reasons for FOUR forces exist Which one divide its


https://home.cern/science/physics/higgs-boson/what#:~:text=A%20spontaneously%20broken%20symmetry%20is,upsetting%20the%20symmetry%20of%20physics.&text=The%20way%20this%20works%20for,particle%20properties%20we%20observe%20today.


http://csep10.phys.utk.edu/OJTA2dev/ojta/c2c/early/inflationary/cosmology_tl.html#:~:text=Unified%20Theories&text=Only%20when%20the%20temperature%20dropped,see%20in%20our%20present%20Universe.


https://www.futurelearn.com/info/courses/mysteries-of-the-universe/0/steps/216503

Physics in the Scalar Era
https://ippog.org/node/624

15 Sept 2024

FATE OF THIS UNIVERSE

http://www.kierandkelly.com/what-is-complexity/history-of-entropy/

https://youtu.be/KR23aMjIHIY?si=H8Dy15Flo5xvFpzx

https://youtu.be/GOrWy_yNBvY?si=_c-HMdtFsqNn6fG-




https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/False_vacuum#Electroweak_vacuum_decay

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_of_an_expanding_universe

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_death_of_the_universe

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Rip

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Crunch

13 Sept 2024

11 Sept 2024

Astronomy 10,001

1) alternative biochemistry or other forms of life are possible.[39]

2) Cosmologist Alan Guth believes humans will in time be able to generate new universes.[41]

3) Anthropic reasoning has been used to address the question as to why certain measured physical constants take the values that they do, rather than some other arbitrary values, and to explain a perception that the universe appears to be finely tuned for the existence of life.


5) All told, it takes at least 26 separate fundamental constants to describe the Universe that we presently understand, and we have no idea why these constants have the values that they do. If some of these constants were either too small or too large, our Universe as we know it would be impossible; our very existence is evidence that the laws of nature must be consistent with our existence being possible. If gravity were a little bit stronger or weaker, stars, galaxies, planets, and life would still exist. Same with:
  • the strengths of the other forces,
  • the masses of the quarks,
  • or the value of the speed of light.


10 Sept 2024

TOP REF

https://universe-review.ca/index.htm

https://astronuclphysics.info/JadRadFyzika5.htm#

https://thespectrumofriemannium.wordpress.com/category/the-standard-model-basics/

http://fafnir.phyast.pitt.edu/particles/

https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/

https://youtube.com/@physicsislove5980?




?


Top prof:
https://users.math.msu.edu/users/gnagy/teaching/   (Maths)

Mass of Particals

https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation?paperid=70243


https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/elegant/part-flash.html

https://www.fas37.org/wp/the-standard-model/

https://wwwcompass.cern.ch/compass/wwwsmc/target/fundamentalparticles.html

https://molwick.com/en/matter/070-elementary-particle.html

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature06073

BOSONS


https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236628225_Bosons_in_the_Zoo_of_Elementary_Particles

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boson
https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge_boson

Fundamental Interactions




https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundamental_interaction

https://www.accessscience.com/content/article/a275600


https://digestiblenotes.com/physics/fundamental_particles/particle_classification.php

https://www.pw.live/exams/csir-net/classification-of-elementary-particles/

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zsnssbk/revision/2

https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/standard-model-of-particle-physics-83170624/83170624

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301614262_The_Justification_of_a_realistic_Picture_of_Particles_and_Atomic_Nuclei

https://www.studocu.com/in/document/mahatma-gandhi-university/physics/elementary-particles/29579633

Fermions

In the weak interaction, fermions can exchange three types of force carriers, namely W+, W−, and Z bosons. 

The effective range of the weak force is limited to subatomic distances and is less than the diameter of a proton.

The root mean square charge radius of a proton is about 0.84–0.87 fm (1 fm = 10−15 m).[12][13] In 2019, two different studies, using different techniques, found this radius to be 0.833 fm, with an uncertainty of ±0.010 fm.[14][15]

http://230nsc1.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Particles/spinc.html#c2


Fermions are a class of particles that are characterized by their half-integer spin values, and are typically associated with matter. The Standard Model of particle physics recognizes two types of elementary fermions: *quarks* and *leptons*


  • Quarks
    The fundamental building blocks ofprotons and neutrons, there are six types of quarks: up, down, charm, strange, top, and bottom. Quarks have a color charge and interact with the strong force. 
  • Leptons        
  • There are six types of leptons: electron, electron neutrino, muon, muon neutrino, tauon, and tauon neutrino. Leptons do not have a color charge. 

Fermions are governed by the Pauli Exclusion Principle, which states that no two fermions can occupy the same quantum state at the same time. This exclusivity is responsible for the structure of matter.


Fermions are particles or quantum fields that follow Fermi-Dirac statistics, also known as the Pauli exclusion principle. Some characteristics of fermions include:

Mass: Fermions have mass.

Spin: Fermions have a spin that is always a multiple of half-integers, such as 1/2, 3/2, 5/2, and so on.

Pauli exclusion principle: Fermions follow the Pauli exclusion principle, which means that only one fermion can occupy a particular space at a given time. 
 
In the standard model of particle physics, fermions are the matter constituents of the observable universe. Examples of fermions include:

protons, neutrons, electrons, neutrinos, quarks, muons, lambda particles, tritium, helium-3, and uranium-233.

Astrophysics

https://ecuip.lib.uchicago.edu/multiwavelength-astronomy/astrophysics/06.html

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/forces/

1 Sept 2024

27 Aug 2024

ONTOLOGY







https://www.alliancegenome.org/
https://reactome.org/


https://www.ebi.ac.uk/services/data-resources-and-tools



https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?chromInfoPage=&hgsid=2337945688_Eu3r9jini9dgY4ws27SEo9hrL6X3&db=hg38

https://www.kegg.jp/kegg/brite.html

https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/stats#diversity
https://gnomad.broadinstitute.org/

https://www.ebi.ac.uk/chebi/chebiOntology.do?treeView=true&chebiId=CHEBI:24431#

https://www.itis.gov/data_definition.html#usage



https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9605&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gdv/browser/genome/?id=GCF_000002125.1





https://mitomap.org/foswiki/bin/view/MITOMAP/WebHome

https://www.phylotree.org/tree/index.htm



https://www.informatics.jax.org/diseasePortal
https://hpo.jax.org/


https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?chromInfoPage=&hgsid=2337945688_Eu3r9jini9dgY4ws27SEo9hrL6X3&db=hg38



Fish Toxonamy


https://fishbase.mnhn.fr/tools/Classification/ClassificationTree.php?genus=Bathophilus&species=vaillanti#Bathophilusvaillanti

https://researcharchive.calacademy.org/research/ichthyology/collection/help.asp#TaxonomicFields

https://biogeodb.stri.si.edu/sftep/en/findafish

https://powo.science.kew.org/
https://treeoflife.kew.org/tree-of-life/order

https://plantaedb.com/taxa/phyla

https://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/specimen_search.php?browsemode=families

https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5T6MX


MicroAlgae
https://macroalgae.org/portal/collections/index.php

Pteridophytes
https://www.pteridoportal.org/portal/collections/index.php

Lichen
https://lichenportal.org/portal/collections/misc/collprofiles.php

Fungi
https://www.mycoportal.org/portal/collections/index.php

Bryophytes
https://bryophyteportal.org/portal/collections/misc/collprofiles.php/


Research Collections

Access our online collections or set up an in-person visit.
Anthropology
Botany
Entomology
Herpetology
Ichthyology
Invertebrate Zoology & Geology
Ornithology & Mammalogy

23 Aug 2024

IAU


https://www.iau.org/sitemap/

As an effective means to promote progress in the main areas of Astronomy, the scientific work of the IAU is structured through its

9 Divisions, 
39 Commissions, and 

The IAU also hosts under the auspices of Division F, the Minor Planet Center.  

In the past the IAU also had Program Groups (or equivalent).


Regular Commissions

Commission NameParent Division
A1AstrometryDivision A Fundamental Astronomy
A2Rotation of the EarthDivision A Fundamental Astronomy
A3Fundamental StandardsDivision A Fundamental Astronomy
B1Computational AstrophysicsDivision B Facilities, Technologies and Data Science
B2Data and DocumentationDivision B Facilities, Technologies and Data Science
B3Astroinformatics and AstrostatisticsDivision B Facilities, Technologies and Data Science
B4Radio AstronomyDivision B Facilities, Technologies and Data Science
B5Laboratory AstrophysicsDivision B Facilities, Technologies and Data Science
B6Astronomical Photometry and PolarimetryDivision B Facilities, Technologies and Data Science
C1Astronomy Education and DevelopmentDivision C Education, Outreach and Heritage
C2Communicating Astronomy with the PublicDivision C Education, Outreach and Heritage
C3History of AstronomyDivision C Education, Outreach and Heritage
C4World Heritage and AstronomyDivision C Education, Outreach and Heritage
C5Cultural AstronomyDivision C Education, Outreach and Heritage
D1Gravitational Wave AstrophysicsDivision D High Energy Phenomena and Fundamental Physics
E1Solar Radiation and StructureDivision E Sun and Heliosphere

E2Solar ActivityDivision E Sun and Heliosphere
E3Solar Impact Throughout the HeliosphereDivision E Sun and Heliosphere
F1Meteors, Meteorites and Interplanetary DustDivision F Planetary Systems and Astrobiology
F2Exoplanets and the Solar systemDivision F Planetary Systems and Astrobiology
F3AstrobiologyDivision F Planetary Systems and Astrobiology
F4Asteroids, Comets & Transneptunian ObjectsDivision F Planetary Systems and Astrobiology
G1Binary and Multiple Star SystemsDivision G Stars and Stellar Physics
G2Massive StarsDivision G Stars and Stellar Physics
G3Stellar EvolutionDivision G Stars and Stellar Physics
G4Pulsating StarsDivision G Stars and Stellar Physics
G5Stellar and Planetary AtmospheresDivision G Stars and Stellar Physics
H1The Local UniverseDivision H Interstellar Matter and Local Universe
H2AstrochemistryDivision H Interstellar Matter and Local Universe
J3Galaxies at the Epoch of ReionisationDivision J Galaxies and Cosmology

Inter-Division Commissions

Commission NamePrimary DivisionParent Division(s)
A4Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical AstronomyAA , F
B7Protection of Existing and Potential Observatory SitesBB , C
E4Impact of Magnetic Activity on Solar and Stellar EnvironmentsEE , F , G
H3Planetary NebulaeHG , H
H4Stellar ClustersHG , H , J
J1Galaxy Spectral Energy DistributionsJD , G , H , J
J2Intergalactic MediumJB , H , J

Cross-Division Commissions

Commission NameParent Divisions
X1Supermassive Black Holes, Feedback and Galaxy EvolutionD , J
X2Solar System EphemeridesA , F




21 Aug 2024

TELESCOPES


 



https://aladin.cds.unistra.fr/AladinLite/
https://sci.esa.int/star_mapper/ 

(Users can get a sense of where in the sky stars were located in the past – or will be in the future – based on their motions measured by Hipparcos. A visualisation of the 'Hertzsprung-Russell diagram', a tool used by astronomers to study the evolution of stars, is provided as well. The tool can be accessed here.)

https://hipparcos-tools.cosmos.esa.int/HIPcatalogueSearch.html?

https://tgssadr.strw.leidenuniv.nl/hips/ 

https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ ( wiki 
https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-fid ( Name resolver )

https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/guide/sim-url.htx
(Help query )


0) CATS database - Astrophysical CATalogs support System ( https://www.sao.ru/cats/doc/CATS_English.html )


1.2) https://ned.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/catalogs.html







8) http://atlas.obs-hp.fr/hyperleda/ ( 60 parameters for about 100,000 galaxies  = wiki | docs  )

9) https://relay.sao.ru/lv/lvgdb/ ( The Data base on galaxies in the Local Volume, which locate within 11 Mpc around the Milky Way or have corrected radial velocities VLG < 600 km/s. It contains 1505 objects. )

10) https://www.mrao.cam.ac.uk/surveys/snrs/. ( A Catalogue of Galactic Supernova Remnants ). 
https://www.sao.ru/cats/~satr/SNR/snr_map.html

[ It contains designations and basic data for, as of 1983, approximately 440,000 stars, ]

12) the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Star Catalog ( 1966 and contains 258,997 stars. )

13) the Henry Draper Catalogue, ( an astronomical star catalogue published between 1918 and 1924, giving spectroscopic classifications for 225,300 stars; )

14) Henry Draper Extension (HDE), published between 1925 and 1936, which gave classifications for 46,850 more stars

15) Henry Draper Extension Charts (HDEC), published from 1937 to 1949 in the form of charts, which gave classifications for 86,933 more stars. In all, 359,083 stars were classified as of August 2017

16) the Cape Photographic Catalogue, ( is a star catalogue containing 68,467 stars )

17) the Boss General Catalogue ( Boss General Catalogue (GC, sometimes General Catalogue) is an astronomical catalogue containing 33,342 stars. ) 

or IDS is a catalog of double stars. It was published by Lick Observatory in 1963 and contains measurements for 64,250 objects, covering the entire sky.


( It was published by Lick Observatory in 1963 and contains measurements for 64,250 objects, covering the entire sky )

21)  Washington Double Star Catalog (The catalog contains positions, magnitudes, proper motions and spectral types and has entries for (as of June 2017) 141,743 pairs of double stars.)



22) General Catalogue of Variable Stars
http://www.sai.msu.su/gcvs/gcvs/
https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/W3Browse/all/gcvs.html


https://ngcicproject.observers.org/dss/dss_ngc.htm ( NGC/IC all object images )

https://ngcicproject.observers.org/NGC/ ( All object Detailed Description By NGC images )

https://ngcicproject.observers.org/dss/dss_messier.htm ( MESSIER all connect images )

https://ngcicproject.observers.org/realskyview/lists.htm

https://adventuresindeepspace.com/steve.ngc.htm ( All object Detailed Description )
https://adventuresindeepspace.com/catalogs.html

http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/index_e.htm





http://vizier.u-strasbg.fr/vizier/VizieR/constellations.htx#q: Displays boundaries for constellations.  Enter coordinates below the list of constellations.

http://www.fourmilab.ch/yoursky: 

Get images of entire sky as viewed from a given location at a specified time and date.  Their Virtual Telescope shows constellations and other objects at specified coordinates.

http://www.heavens-above.com:  Get sky charts and satellite schedules as seen from specified locations. This site also gives the time in various time zones/formats (local time, GMT, UTC) https://www.heavens-above.com/constellation.aspx?

https://simbad.u-strasbg.fr: If you want to find more information about a star, Simbad is often a good place to start.  If you enter the position in the position search  you’ll find a list of nearby objects.  If there’s more than one, click on the nearest to your position and you’ll get information on measurements of the star: brightness, parallax (3261/parallax in mas is the distance in lightyears), and spectral type.  With the help of astronomical text books, you can use the last to get an estimate the diameter and mass of the star.  Occasionally those are directly measured too.


*Help guides*

https://simbad.cds.unistra.fr/guide/otypes.htx



https://www.analog.com/en/signals/articles/james-webb-space-telescope.html


Chandra photos
https://chandra.harvard.edu/photo/2021/m87/more.html

20 Aug 2024

Human Brain




https://www.brainspan.org/static/atlas
https://atlas.brain-map.org/
https://human.brain-map.org/ish/search

https://bams1.org/



https://atlas.brain-map.org/atlas?atlas=265297125&plate=112360888&x=54325&y=69258&resolution=62.18#atlas=265297125&plate=112360888&x=12632.192595108696&y=155443.1432309358&resolution=269.72&zoom=-8&structure=265504844


3D model 

https://www.brainfacts.org/3d-brain

https://neurosynth.org/locations/
https://scalablebrainatlas.incf.org/index.php
https://www.proteinatlas.org/humanproteome/brain

6 Aug 2024

Earth History