EARTH STUDIES

Geochronology

• History of Earth – Development of planet Earth from its formation to the present day
• Timeline of natural history

• see History of life.
  
• see Timeline of the evolutionary history of life.
  

• Geologic time scale
• Geological history of Earth
• Timeline of natural history
  • Detailed logarithmic timeline
  • Future of Earth
  • Timeline of the far future

• Continental crust
  
• Oceanic crust
• Mohorovičić discontinuity (A)
  
• Upper mantle
  
• Lower mantle
  
• Core-mantle boundary (B)
  
• Outer core,
  
• inner core
  
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• Earth's internal heat budget
• Mantle convection
• planetary boundaries.

Layers

The structure of Earth can be defined in two ways: by mechanical properties such as rheology, or chemically. Mechanically, it can be divided into lithosphere, asthenosphere, mesospheric mantle, outer core, and the inner core.

Chemically, Earth can be divided into the crust, upper mantle, lower mantle, outer core, and inner core.^[6] The geologic component layers of Earth are at increasing depths below the surface:^[6]:

• Plate tectonics
  
• List of tectonic plates
• 
  
• Outline of plate tectonics – Hierarchical outline list of articles related to plate tectonics
• List of tectonic plate interactions – Movements of Earth's lithosphere
• Basic types of igneous intrusions
  

• As subduction continues, island arcs, continental fragments,
  
• Convergent boundary
  
• Divergent boundary
  

• List of fault zones
• seismic belts
• A volcano is a geological landformA
  
• volcanic activity
  
• volcanic belts
  
• Timeline of volcanism on Earth
• different types of volcanic eruptions
  
• hotspot volcanism
  
• Active volcano
  
• the Volcanic Explosivity Index (VEI)
  
• Dispersal index – Indicator of spread of volcanic ejecta
• Lists of volcanoes

• phreatic eruptions (steam-generated eruptions), 
• explosive eruption of high-silica lava (e.g., rhyolite),
• effusive eruption of low-silica lava (e.g., basalt),
  
• 
  

Up

• Glossary of landforms ( Land & Ocean )
• List of minerals – List of minerals with Wikipedia articles
• List of rock types – List of rock types recognized by geologists
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• 
  

OCEANS

• 
  
• epipelagic zone ( Up to 200m )
  
• mesopelagic ( 200m - 1000m )
  
• benthopelagic ( 1000m - 4000m )
  
• abyssopelagic ( 4000m - 6000m )
  
• hadopelagic ( 6 - 11km ) hadal zone
  
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• 
  
• List of submarine topographical features
  
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• Standard sea-level conditions
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• seafloor
  
• seafloor sediment.
  
• Sea surface microlayer
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• Cline (hydrology), a fluid layer with a property that varies,..Such clines and the respectively varying properties include:
• Chemocline - chemistry^[1]
• Halocline - salinity^[2]
• Lysocline - dissolution of calcite^[3]
• Pycnocline - density^[4]
• Thermocline - temperature^[5]

DANGEROUS

• Human impact on the environment
• Extinction risk from climate change
• Climate change and civilizational collapse.
  
• 
  
• Effects of climate change on human health
• Effects of climate change on mental health

The marine environment is primarily occupied by microbes, mainly bacteria and protists, which account for ≈70% of the total marine biomass. The remaining ≈30% is mainly composed of arthropods and fish. The deep subsurface holds ≈15% of the total biomass in the biosphere.

Epidemiology - Epidemiology is the study and analysis of the distribution (who, when, and where), patterns and determinants of health and disease conditions in a defined population.

Atmospheric Structure

https://www.albany.edu/faculty/rgk/atm101/structur.htm

https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/earths-atmospheric-layers-3/